ModelingToolkit Integration
This is a quick intro based on the lotka volterra fishing problem. It is similar to the classical fishing example, but we will use ModelingToolkit.jl to model it.
Setup
We will use Corleone to define our optimal control problem.
using Corleone
using ModelingToolkit
using ModelingToolkit: t_nounits as t, D_nounits as D
using OrdinaryDiffEqTsit5
using ComponentArrays, ForwardDiff
using Optimization
using OptimizationMOI, Ipopt
using LuxCore, Random
using CairoMakieWe start by defining our system
@variables begin
x(..) = 0.5, [tunable = false]
y(..) = 0.7, [tunable = false]
u(..) = 0.0, [bounds = (0.0, 1.0), input = true]
end
@constants begin
c₁ = 0.4
c₂ = 0.2
end
eqs = [
D(x(t)) ~ x(t) - x(t) * y(t) - c₁ * u(t) * x(t)
D(y(t)) ~ -y(t) + x(t) * y(t) - c₂ * u(t) * y(t)
]
costs = [
Symbolics.Integral(t in (0.0, 12.0))(
(x(t) - 1.0)^2 + (y(t) - 1.0)^2
),
]
@named lotka_volterra = System(eqs, t, costs = costs)
function plot_lotka(sol)
f = Figure()
ax = CairoMakie.Axis(f[1, 1])
scatterlines!(ax, sol, vars = [1, 2, 3])
f[1, 2] = Legend(f, ax, "States", framevisible = false)
ax1 = CairoMakie.Axis(f[2, 1])
stairs!(ax1, sol, vars = [4])
f[2, 2] = Legend(f, ax1, "Controls", framevisible = false)
return f
endplot_lotka (generic function with 1 method)Single Shooting
dynopt = CorleoneDynamicOptProblem(
lotka_volterra, [],
u(t) => 0.0:0.1:11.9,
algorithm = Tsit5(),
)
optprob = OptimizationProblem(dynopt, AutoForwardDiff(), Val(:ComponentArrays))
sol = solve(
optprob, Ipopt.Optimizer(), max_iter = 1000, tol = 5.0e-6,
hessian_approximation = "limited-memory"
)
u_opt = ComponentVector(sol.u, optprob.f.f.ax)
opt_traj, _ = dynopt.layer(nothing, u_opt, LuxCore.initialstates(Random.default_rng(), dynopt.layer))
plot_lotka(opt_traj)Multiple Shooting
dynopt = CorleoneDynamicOptProblem(
lotka_volterra, [],
u(t) => 0.0:0.1:11.9,
algorithm = Tsit5(),
shooting = [0.0, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0]
)
optprob = OptimizationProblem(dynopt, AutoForwardDiff(), Val(:ComponentArrays))
sol = solve(
optprob, Ipopt.Optimizer(), max_iter = 1000, tol = 5.0e-6,
hessian_approximation = "limited-memory"
)
u_opt = ComponentVector(sol.u, optprob.f.f.ax)
opt_traj, _ = dynopt.layer(nothing, u_opt, LuxCore.initialstates(Random.default_rng(), dynopt.layer))
plot_lotka(opt_traj)Appendix
This example was built using these direct dependencies,
using Pkg
Pkg.status()Status `~/_work/Corleone.jl/Corleone.jl/docs/Project.toml`
[13f3f980] CairoMakie v0.15.13
[b0b7db55] ComponentArrays v0.15.47
[2751e0db] Corleone v0.0.7 `~/_work/Corleone.jl/Corleone.jl`
[6590a4b1] CorleoneOED v0.0.8 `~/_work/Corleone.jl/Corleone.jl/lib/CorleoneOED`
[e30172f5] Documenter v1.17.0
[daee34ce] DocumenterCitations v1.5.0
[d12716ef] DocumenterInterLinks v1.1.0
[f6369f11] ForwardDiff v1.4.5
[b6b21f68] Ipopt v1.15.0
[682c06a0] JSON v1.7.1
[2ddba703] Juniper v0.9.4
[98b081ad] Literate v2.21.0
[bb33d45b] LuxCore v1.5.3
[961ee093] ModelingToolkit v11.40.0
[d147904a] OptimalControlBenchmarks v0.0.3 `~/_work/Corleone.jl/Corleone.jl/lib/OptimalControlBenchmarks`
[7f7a1694] Optimization v5.9.0
[22f7324a] OptimizationLBFGSB v1.5.1
[fd9f6733] OptimizationMOI v1.4.1
[b1df2697] OrdinaryDiffEqTsit5 v2.1.4
[2efcf032] SymbolicIndexingInterface v0.3.55
[ddb6d928] YAML v0.4.16
[9a3f8284] Random v1.11.0
and using this machine and Julia version.
using InteractiveUtils
InteractiveUtils.versioninfo()Julia Version 1.12.7
Commit 6d172b025e4 (2026-08-15 08:05 UTC)
Build Info:
Official https://julialang.org release
Platform Info:
OS: Linux (x86_64-linux-gnu)
CPU: 128 × AMD EPYC 9354 32-Core Processor
WORD_SIZE: 64
LLVM: libLLVM-18.1.7 (ORCJIT, znver4)
GC: Built with stock GC
Threads: 1 default, 1 interactive, 1 GC (on 4 virtual cores)
Environment:
JULIA_CPU_THREADS = 4
JULIA_NUM_PRECOMPILE_TASKS = 4
A more complete overview of all dependencies and their versions is also provided.
using Pkg
Pkg.status(; mode = PKGMODE_MANIFEST)Status `~/_work/Corleone.jl/Corleone.jl/docs/Manifest.toml`
[47edcb42] ADTypes v1.24.0
[14f7f29c] AMD v0.5.3
[a4c015fc] ANSIColoredPrinters v0.0.1
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[6e696c72] AbstractPlutoDingetjes v1.4.0
[1520ce14] AbstractTrees v0.4.5
[7d9f7c33] Accessors v0.1.45
[79e6a3ab] Adapt v4.7.0
[35492f91] AdaptivePredicates v1.2.0
[66dad0bd] AliasTables v1.1.3
[27a7e980] Animations v0.4.2
[ec485272] ArnoldiMethod v0.4.0
[4fba245c] ArrayInterface v7.30.0
[4c555306] ArrayLayouts v1.12.2
[67c07d97] Automa v1.2.0
[13072b0f] AxisAlgorithms v1.1.0
[39de3d68] AxisArrays v0.4.8
[aae01518] BandedMatrices v1.12.0
[198e06fe] BangBang v0.4.9
[18cc8868] BaseDirs v1.4.0
[6e4b80f9] BenchmarkTools v1.8.0
[2027ae74] BibInternal v0.4.0
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[caf10ac8] BipartiteGraphs v0.1.12
[8e7c35d0] BlockArrays v1.10.0
[70df07ce] BracketingNonlinearSolve v1.12.6
[fa961155] CEnum v0.5.0
[96374032] CRlibm v1.0.2
[159f3aea] Cairo v1.1.1
[13f3f980] CairoMakie v0.15.13
[d360d2e6] ChainRulesCore v1.26.1
[ae650224] ChunkSplitters v3.2.0
[523fee87] CodecBzip2 v0.8.5
[944b1d66] CodecZlib v0.7.9
[6b39b394] CodecZstd v0.8.7
[a2cac450] ColorBrewer v0.4.2
[35d6a980] ColorSchemes v3.31.0
[3da002f7] ColorTypes v0.12.1
[c3611d14] ColorVectorSpace v0.11.0
[5ae59095] Colors v0.13.1
⌅ [861a8166] Combinatorics v1.0.2
[38540f10] CommonSolve v0.2.14
[bbf7d656] CommonSubexpressions v0.3.1
[f70d9fcc] CommonWorldInvalidations v1.2.0
[34da2185] Compat v4.18.1
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[187b0558] ConstructionBase v1.6.0
[d38c429a] Contour v0.6.3
[b7a15901] CoreMath v0.1.0
[2751e0db] Corleone v0.0.7 `~/_work/Corleone.jl/Corleone.jl`
[6590a4b1] CorleoneOED v0.0.8 `~/_work/Corleone.jl/Corleone.jl/lib/CorleoneOED`
[a8cc5b0e] Crayons v4.2.0
[9a962f9c] DataAPI v1.16.0
[864edb3b] DataStructures v0.19.6
[e2d170a0] DataValueInterfaces v1.0.0
[927a84f5] DelaunayTriangulation v1.6.6
[2b5f629d] DiffEqBase v7.20.0
[459566f4] DiffEqCallbacks v4.19.3
[163ba53b] DiffResults v1.1.0
[b552c78f] DiffRules v1.16.0
[a0c0ee7d] DifferentiationInterface v0.7.21
[8d63f2c5] DispatchDoctor v0.4.28
[31c24e10] Distributions v0.25.131
[43dc2714] DocInventories v1.0.0
[ffbed154] DocStringExtensions v0.9.5
[e30172f5] Documenter v1.17.0
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[64ca27bc] FindFirstFunctions v3.2.1
[6a86dc24] FiniteDiff v2.33.0
⌅ [53c48c17] FixedPointNumbers v0.8.6
[1fa38f19] Format v1.3.7
[f6369f11] ForwardDiff v1.4.5
[b38be410] FreeType v4.1.1
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[a85aefff] FunctionMaps v0.1.2
[069b7b12] FunctionWrappers v1.1.3
[77dc65aa] FunctionWrappersWrappers v1.13.0
[d9f16b24] Functors v0.5.3
[46192b85] GPUArraysCore v0.2.0
[a0844989] Gamma v1.2.0
[5c1252a2] GeometryBasics v0.5.11
[d7ba0133] Git v1.5.0
[a2bd30eb] Graphics v1.1.3
[86223c79] Graphs v1.14.0
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[076d061b] HashArrayMappedTries v0.2.0
[34004b35] HypergeometricFunctions v0.3.30
[b5f81e59] IOCapture v1.0.0
[615f187c] IfElse v0.1.1
[2803e5a7] ImageAxes v0.6.12
[c817782e] ImageBase v0.1.7
[a09fc81d] ImageCore v0.10.5
[82e4d734] ImageIO v0.6.10
[bc367c6b] ImageMetadata v0.9.10
[3263718b] ImplicitDiscreteSolve v2.2.0
[9b13fd28] IndirectArrays v1.0.0
[d25df0c9] Inflate v0.1.5
[22cec73e] InitialValues v0.3.1
[18e54dd8] IntegerMathUtils v0.1.4
[a98d9a8b] Interpolations v0.16.3
[d1acc4aa] IntervalArithmetic v1.0.11
[8197267c] IntervalSets v0.7.14
[3587e190] InverseFunctions v0.1.17
[b6b21f68] Ipopt v1.15.0
[92d709cd] IrrationalConstants v0.2.6
[f1662d9f] Isoband v0.1.1
[c8e1da08] IterTools v1.10.0
[82899510] IteratorInterfaceExtensions v1.0.0
[692b3bcd] JLLWrappers v1.8.0
[682c06a0] JSON v1.7.1
[7d188eb4] JSONSchema v1.5.0
[ae98c720] Jieko v0.2.1
[b835a17e] JpegTurbo v0.1.6
[ccbc3e58] JumpProcesses v9.31.0
[2ddba703] Juniper v0.9.4
[5ab0869b] KernelDensity v0.6.12
[ba0b0d4f] Krylov v0.10.9
[5be7bae1] LBFGSB v0.4.1
[2faa5264] LHLFactorization v2.2.1
[b964fa9f] LaTeXStrings v1.4.1
[0e77f7df] LazilyInitializedFields v1.3.0
[8cdb02fc] LazyModules v0.3.1
[1d6d02ad] LeftChildRightSiblingTrees v0.3.0
[87fe0de2] LineSearch v0.1.16
[7ed4a6bd] LinearSolve v5.15.0
[98b081ad] Literate v2.21.0
[2ab3a3ac] LogExpFunctions v1.0.1
[e6f89c97] LoggingExtras v1.2.0
[bb33d45b] LuxCore v1.5.3
[1914dd2f] MacroTools v0.5.16
[ee78f7c6] Makie v0.24.13
[dbb5928d] MappedArrays v0.4.3
[d0879d2d] MarkdownAST v0.1.3
[b8f27783] MathOptInterface v1.53.0
[0a4f8689] MathTeXEngine v0.6.9
[bb5d69b7] MaybeInplace v0.1.8
[e1d29d7a] Missings v1.2.0
[961ee093] ModelingToolkit v11.40.0
[7771a370] ModelingToolkitBase v1.68.1
[6bb917b9] ModelingToolkitTearing v1.20.6
[e94cdb99] MosaicViews v0.3.4
[2e0e35c7] Moshi v0.3.12
[46d2c3a1] MuladdMacro v0.2.7
[102ac46a] MultivariatePolynomials v0.5.19
[d8a4904e] MutableArithmetics v1.8.0
[77ba4419] NaNMath v1.1.4
[f09324ee] Netpbm v1.1.1
[be0214bd] NonlinearSolveBase v2.49.0
[5959db7a] NonlinearSolveFirstOrder v2.4.1
[510215fc] Observables v0.5.5
[6fe1bfb0] OffsetArrays v1.17.0
[67456a42] OhMyThreads v0.8.6
[52e1d378] OpenEXR v0.3.3
[d147904a] OptimalControlBenchmarks v0.0.3 `~/_work/Corleone.jl/Corleone.jl/lib/OptimalControlBenchmarks`
[7f7a1694] Optimization v5.9.0
[bca83a33] OptimizationBase v5.5.2
[22f7324a] OptimizationLBFGSB v1.5.1
[fd9f6733] OptimizationMOI v1.4.1
[bac558e1] OrderedCollections v2.0.1
[bbf590c4] OrdinaryDiffEqCore v4.15.3
[b1df2697] OrdinaryDiffEqTsit5 v2.1.4
[90014a1f] PDMats v0.11.41
[f57f5aa1] PNGFiles v0.4.5
[19eb6ba3] Packing v0.5.1
[5432bcbf] PaddedViews v0.5.12
⌅ [69de0a69] Parsers v2.8.7
[eebad327] PkgVersion v0.3.3
[995b91a9] PlotUtils v1.4.4
[e409e4f3] PoissonRandom v0.4.13
[647866c9] PolygonOps v0.1.2
[d236fae5] PreallocationTools v1.7.1
[aea7be01] PrecompileTools v1.3.4
[21216c6a] Preferences v1.5.2
[08abe8d2] PrettyTables v3.4.8
[27ebfcd6] Primes v0.5.7
[33c8b6b6] ProgressLogging v0.1.6
[92933f4c] ProgressMeter v1.11.0
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[0c0d3e7f] PureKLU v1.4.1
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[1fd47b50] QuadGK v2.11.3
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[3cdcf5f2] RecipesBase v1.3.4
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[189a3867] Reexport v1.2.2
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[05181044] RelocatableFolders v1.0.1
[ae029012] Requires v1.3.1
[9fe22ead] RespecializeParams v1.3.0
[79098fc4] Rmath v0.9.0
[f2b01f46] Roots v3.0.7
[5eaf0fd0] RoundingEmulator v0.2.1
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[9dfe8606] SCCNonlinearSolve v1.15.2
[fdea26ae] SIMD v3.7.2
[0bca4576] SciMLBase v3.50.0
[19f34311] SciMLJacobianOperators v0.1.18
[a6db7da4] SciMLLogging v2.1.0
[c0aeaf25] SciMLOperators v1.30.0
[431bcebd] SciMLPublic v1.3.0
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[efcf1570] Setfield v1.1.2
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⌅ [892a3eda] StringManipulation v0.5.0
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⌃ [d1185830] SymbolicUtils v4.46.1
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[ffd25f8a] XZ_jll v5.8.3+0
[4f6342f7] Xorg_libX11_jll v1.8.13+0
[0c0b7dd1] Xorg_libXau_jll v1.0.13+0
[a3789734] Xorg_libXdmcp_jll v1.1.6+0
[1082639a] Xorg_libXext_jll v1.3.8+0
[d091e8ba] Xorg_libXfixes_jll v6.0.2+0
[ea2f1a96] Xorg_libXrender_jll v0.9.12+0
[a65dc6b1] Xorg_libpciaccess_jll v0.19.0+0
[c7cfdc94] Xorg_libxcb_jll v1.17.1+0
[c5fb5394] Xorg_xtrans_jll v1.6.0+0
[3161d3a3] Zstd_jll v1.5.7+1
[9a68df92] isoband_jll v0.2.3+0
[a4ae2306] libaom_jll v3.14.1+0
[0ac62f75] libass_jll v0.17.5+0
[8e53e030] libdrm_jll v2.4.134+0
[f638f0a6] libfdk_aac_jll v2.0.4+0
[b53b4c65] libpng_jll v1.6.58+0
[075b6546] libsixel_jll v1.10.5+0
[9a156e7d] libva_jll v2.23.0+0
[f27f6e37] libvorbis_jll v1.3.8+0
[c5f90fcd] libwebp_jll v1.6.0+0
[1317d2d5] oneTBB_jll v2022.3.0+0
⌅ [1270edf5] x264_jll v10164.0.1+0
[dfaa095f] x265_jll v4.1.0+0
[0dad84c5] ArgTools v1.1.2
[56f22d72] Artifacts v1.11.0
[2a0f44e3] Base64 v1.11.0
[8bf52ea8] CRC32c v1.11.0
[ade2ca70] Dates v1.11.0
[8ba89e20] Distributed v1.11.0
[f43a241f] Downloads v1.7.0
[7b1f6079] FileWatching v1.11.0
[9fa8497b] Future v1.11.0
[b77e0a4c] InteractiveUtils v1.11.0
[ac6e5ff7] JuliaSyntaxHighlighting v1.12.0
[4af54fe1] LazyArtifacts v1.11.0
[b27032c2] LibCURL v0.6.4
[76f85450] LibGit2 v1.11.0
[8f399da3] Libdl v1.11.0
[37e2e46d] LinearAlgebra v1.12.0
[56ddb016] Logging v1.11.0
[d6f4376e] Markdown v1.11.0
[a63ad114] Mmap v1.11.0
[ca575930] NetworkOptions v1.3.0
[44cfe95a] Pkg v1.12.1
[de0858da] Printf v1.11.0
[9abbd945] Profile v1.11.0
[3fa0cd96] REPL v1.11.0
[9a3f8284] Random v1.11.0
[ea8e919c] SHA v0.7.0
[9e88b42a] Serialization v1.11.0
[1a1011a3] SharedArrays v1.11.0
[6462fe0b] Sockets v1.11.0
[2f01184e] SparseArrays v1.12.0
[f489334b] StyledStrings v1.11.0
[4607b0f0] SuiteSparse
[fa267f1f] TOML v1.0.3
[a4e569a6] Tar v1.10.0
[8dfed614] Test v1.11.0
[cf7118a7] UUIDs v1.11.0
[4ec0a83e] Unicode v1.11.0
[e66e0078] CompilerSupportLibraries_jll v1.3.1+2
[deac9b47] LibCURL_jll v8.15.0+0
[e37daf67] LibGit2_jll v1.9.0+0
[29816b5a] LibSSH2_jll v1.11.3+1
[14a3606d] MozillaCACerts_jll v2025.11.4
[4536629a] OpenBLAS_jll v0.3.29+0
[05823500] OpenLibm_jll v0.8.7+0
[458c3c95] OpenSSL_jll v3.5.6+0
[efcefdf7] PCRE2_jll v10.44.0+1
[bea87d4a] SuiteSparse_jll v7.8.3+2
[83775a58] Zlib_jll v1.3.1+2
[8e850b90] libblastrampoline_jll v5.15.0+0
[8e850ede] nghttp2_jll v1.64.0+1
[3f19e933] p7zip_jll v17.7.0+0
Info Packages marked with ⌃ and ⌅ have new versions available. Those with ⌃ may be upgradable, but those with ⌅ are restricted by compatibility constraints from upgrading. To see why use `status --outdated -m`
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